Normative Data of Handgrip Strength in Macedonian Children and Adolescents According to Chronological and Biological Age / Datos Normativos de la Fuerza de Prensión Manual en Niños y Adolescentes Macedonios Según la Edad Cronológica y Biológica

SUMMARY: The handgrip strength is used as a means of individual's health prediction during life. It is used as an indicator of the nutrition status, bone fragility, presence of sarcopenia and it correlates with certain diseases and clinical complications. The research goal was to analyze the results of the hand dynamometry test, based on the chronological and biological age, and to offer normative and referent standards about children and adolescents from the Republic of North Macedonia. The study was conducted on a sample of 4031 respondents of both sexes at the age 6-14 years. In order to achieve the research goals, the measured characteristics were of the weight, height, sitting height and handgrip strength. The body mass index and biological maturity values (APHV) were obtained by using formulas. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that statistically significant differences in handgrip strength are established between the boys and girls of all age categories. Also, statistically significant differences between boys and girls are established in the hand dynamometry test of all APHV levels. In general, the use of the APHV allows a better categorization of the performance of the studied children and adolescents. With boys, the correlation between the chronological age and test was 68 %, and with girls - 77 %. The normative referent standards of the hand dynamometry test are presented in percentiles for both sexes. Thye hand dynamometry test's results during childhood and adolescence should be analyzed and interpret on the basis of biological age, and not on the chronological age. These tools can help specialists who work with children and adolescents in ethnic and epidemiological context.

La fuerza de prensión se utiliza como medio para predecir la salud del individuo durante la vida. Se utiliza como indicador del estado nutricional, fragilidad ósea, presencia de sarcopenia y se correlaciona con determinadas enfermedades y complicaciones clínicas. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar los resultados de la prueba de dinamometría manual, con base en la edad cronológica y biológica, y ofrecer estándares normativos y referentes sobre niños y adolescentes de la República de Macedonia del Norte. El estudio se realizó en una muestra de 4031 encuestados de ambos sexos con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 14 años. Para lograr los objetivos de la investigación, las características medidas fueron el peso, la altura, la altura al sentarse y la fuerza de prensión. El índice de masa corporal y los valores de madurez biológica (APHV) se obtuvieron mediante fórmulas. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos, se puede concluir que se establecen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la fuerza de prensión manual entre niños y niñas de todas las categorías de edad. Asimismo, se establecen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre niños y niñas en la prueba de dinamometría manual de todos los niveles APHV. En general, el uso del APHV permite una mejor categorización del desempeño de los niños y adolescentes estudiados. En los niños, la correlación entre la edad cronológica y la prueba fue del 68 %, y en las niñas, del 77 %. Los estándares normativos referentes de la prueba de dinamometría manual se presentan en percentiles para ambos sexos. Los resultados de la prueba de dinamometría manual durante la infancia y la adolescencia deben analizarse e interpretarse en función de la edad biológica y no de la edad cronológica. Estas herramientas pueden ayudar a los especialistas que trabajan con niños y adolescentes en un contexto étnico y epidemiológico.

Scleral thickness in normal Indian eyes measured using spectral domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography

Purpose: To establish normative data on anterior scleral thickness using the spectral domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS?OCT). Methods: In total, 200 eyes of 100 healthy subjects underwent AS?OCT scans in the temporal and nasal quadrants. The scleral + conjunctival complex thickness (SCT) was measured by a single examiner. Mean SCT was analyzed for differences across age groups, gender, and location (nasal versus temporal). Results: Mean age was 46.4 ± 18.3 (21–84) years; male to female ratio was 54:46. Mean SCT (nasal + temporal) of the right eye (RE) was 682.3 ± 64.2 ?m in males and 660.6 ± 57.1 ?m in females. In the left eye (LE), it was 684.6 ± 64.9 ?m in males and 661.8 ± 49.3 ?m in females. These differences between male and female for both eyes were statistically significant (P = 0.006 and P = 0.002). The mean SCT of temporal and nasal quadrants in the RE was 678.54 ± 57.50 and 666 ± 66.2 ?m, respectively. In the LE, the temporal mean SCT quadrant was 679.6 ± 55.8 ?m, and the nasal was 668.6 ± 63.6 ?m. Age had a negative correlation with SCT (?0.62 ?m/year; P = 0.03), and males had a higher temporal SCT than females (22 ?m higher; P = 0.03). After adjusting for age and gender in a multivariate analysis, temporal SCT was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than nasal SCT. Conclusion: In our study, mean SCT decreased with age and males had a higher temporal SCT. This is the first study to evaluate scleral thickness in the Indian population, and the data can be used as a baseline for comparing variations in scleral thickness in disease.

Automatic segmentation and quantified analysis of meibomian glands from infrared images

Purpose: An algorithm for automated segmentation of meibomian glands from infrared images obtained using a novel prototype infrared hand?held imager has been proposed in this study. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is quantified in terms of five clinically relevant metrics. A comparison of these metrics in patients with MGD has been presented against a sample of the normative healthy population. Methods: This is a prospective cross?sectional observational study. Patients presenting to the clinics were enrolled after written informed consent. The everted eyelids of 200 eyes of patients (of which 100 were healthy and 100 were diagnosed with MGD) were imaged using a prototype hand?held camera. The proposed algorithm was used to process the images using enhancement techniques and the glands were automatically segmented. A comparison of glands of normal eyes versus MGD?affected eyes is performed using five metrics presented in this study: (i) drop?out, (ii) length, (iii) width, (iv) the number of glands, and (v) the number of tortuous glands. Results: The 95% confidence interval for the metrics did not show any overlap between the two groups. In MGD patients, the drop?out ratio was higher than normal. The length and number of glands were significantly lesser than normal. A number of tortuous glands were more in the MGD group. The metrics for MGD versus healthy and cut?off ranges were computed in the results. Conclusion: The prototype infrared hand?held meibographer and the proposed automatic algorithm for gland segmentation and quantification are effective aids in MGD diagnosis. We present a set of five metrics, which are clinically relevant for guiding clinicians in the diagnosis of MGD

Regulación de la implantología dental en México / Regulation of dental implantology in Mexico

Introducción: los implantes dentales se han convertido en uno de los tratamientos odontológicos con mayor demanda en todo el mundo, no sólo por el nivel máximo de funcionalidad y de estética, sino también debido a su estabilidad, osteointegración y facilidad en su rehabilitación. Es incierto si los implantes dentales se encuentran normados formalmente en México, lo que motiva a la revisión del estado actual. Objetivo: evidenciar el estado actual de la legislación de la práctica de la implantología dental en México a través de una revisión en la literatura. Material y métodos: revisión de las legislaciones existentes en México para la aplicación de implantes dentales y su contraparte en el mundo a través de la evaluación de normas expedidas en América y Europa. Resultados: se contabilizó un total de 17 escuelas de implantes dentales que cuentan con el reconocimiento de la Secretaría de Educación Pública, de las cuales tres son públicas y 14 privadas. Se presentó una discrepancia en los planes de estudio que va de 16 a 36 meses. Las escuelas no contaron con un aval normativo. Las normas internacionales para control de calidad y aplicación de la tecnología en implantes se ubicaron en Canadá, Estados Unidos, España, Reino Unido y Francia. Conclusiones: contar con un antecedente normativo establecido por los países de primer mundo y ausente en México permite evidenciar la necesidad de implementar una Norma Oficial Mexicana que regule la fabricación, distribución y almacenamiento de los implantes dentales en México. A la vez, la revisión sugiere que la Secretaría de Educación Pública norme los créditos mínimos necesarios en las instituciones educativas reconocidas para la formación de recursos humanos que ejercen la implantología dental (AU)

Introduction: dental implants have become one of the dental treatments with the highest demand in the world, not only because of the highest level of functionality and aesthetics, but also because of their stability, osseointegration and ease of rehabilitation. It is uncertain if dental implants are formally regulated in Mexico, which motivates the review of the current status. Objective: to demonstrate the current state of the legislation for the practice of dental implantology in Mexico through a review of the literature. Material and methods: review of the existing legislation in Mexico, for the application of dental implants and its counterpart in the world, through the evaluation of standards issued in America and Europe. Results: a total of 17 dental implant schools that have the recognition of the Ministry of Public Education were counted, of which 3 are public and 14 private. There was a discrepancy in the study plans that ranged from 16 to 36 months. Schools will not have regulatory backing. The international standards for quality control and application of technology in implants were located in Canada, the United States, Spain, the United Kingdom and France. Conclusions: having a normative antecedent established by the countries of the first world and absent in Mexico, allows to demonstrate the need for the implementation of an Official Mexican Standard, which regulates the manufacture, distribution and storage of dental implants in Mexico. At the same time, the review suggests that the Ministry of Public Education regulate the minimum necessary credits in recognized educational institutions, for the training of human resources that practice dental implantology (AU)

Teste do Desenho do Relógio: dados normativos para idosos / Clock Drawing Test: standard data for older adults / Prueba de Diseño de Reloj: datos normativos para ancianos

Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, retrospectivo, correlacional e de corte transversal, com objetivo de fornecer dados normativos do TDR para idosos, levando em consideração diferentes faixas etárias e níveis de escolaridade. Duzentos e trinta e cinco foram entrevistados individualmente, distribuídos em cinco grupos etários e quatro níveis de escolaridade. Os instrumentos foram Ficha de Dados Sociodemográficos, Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM), Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, versão reduzida (GDS-15), Tarefa de Fluência Verbal Semântica (TFVS) e o TDR. Utilizou-se estatísticas descritivas, correlação de Pearson e análise univariada (one-way ANOVA) com post hoc Scheffe. Os escores do TDR apresentaram associações significativas com os anos de idade, anos de escolaridade, MEEM, TFVS e GDS-15. Houve diferença de desempenho no TDR ao considerarem os grupos por idade. O estudo fornece valores normativos para o TDR em uma amostra de idosos do sul do Brasil que foram influenciados pela idade, escolaridade, sintomatologia depressiva e fluência verbal. (AU)

This was a quantitative, retrospective, correlational, cross-sectional study that aimed to provide normative CDT (Clock-Drawing Test) data for older adults, taking into account different age groups and educational levels. The sample included 235 older adults distributed among five age groups and four levels of education. The instruments were Sociodemographic Data Sheet, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Geriatric Depression Scale reduced version (GDS-15), the Semantic Verbal Fluency Task (TFVS), and the CDT. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and univariate analysis (one-way ANOVA) with Scheffe post hoc were used. The CDT scores showed significant associations with age, years of schooling, MMSE, TFVS, and GDS-15. There was a difference in performance in CDT when considering age groups. The present study was able to provide normative values ​​for CDT in a sample of older adults in southern Brazil that ​​were influenced by age, education, depressive symptoms, and verbal fluency. (AU)

Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, retrospectivo, correlacional y transversal, con el objetivo de aportar datos normativos sobre el TDR para ancianos, teniendo en cuenta diferentes grupos de edad y niveles educativos. La muestra incluyó a 235 ancianos distribuidos en cinco grupos de edad y cuatro niveles de educación. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron Ficha de Datos Sociodemográficos, Mini Examen del Estado Mental (MMSE), Escala de Depresión Geriátrica, versión reducida (GDS-15), Tarea de Fluidez Verbal Semántica (TFVS) y TDR. Se emplearon estadísticas descriptivas, correlación de Pearson y análisis univariante (one-way ANOVA) con post hoc Scheffe. Los puntajes de TDR mostraron asociaciones significativas con la edad, años de escolaridad, MMSE, TFVS y GDS-15. Hubo diferencia en el desempeño en el TDR al considerar los grupos por edad. El presente estudio fue capaz de proporcionar valores normativos para TDR en una muestra de ancianos en el sur de Brasil influenciados por la edad, la escolaridad, los síntomas depresivos y la fluidez verbal. (AU)

Make in India: Normative data for automated perimetry

Background: The normative data set in authomated perimetry is predominantly of non?Indian origin and hence may not be an accurate basis for visual field analysis in Indian population.This video describes an attempt to create a native normative dataset for automated perimetry, which can then be fed in our machines and be used as the normative database. Purpose: To formulate normative data and to increase domain knowledge of normative values for automated perimetry in Indian population of different age groups. Synopsis: Cross?sectional study conducted on patients receiving outpatient care in a span of 3 years, which included 6586 healthy normal patients (13172 eyes) with vision 6/6 unaided or after refractive correction. The patients were tested with 30?2 SITA FAST threshold algorithm on Humphrey Field Analyzer Model no: 745i. Normative data was calculated on basis of age group ranging from 19?75 years categorized to every decade. Normal values were formulated on basis of perimetry performed on normal patients. Highlights: Our work on creating a native normative dataset may add value as well as increase the accuracy of perimetry analysis in Indian eyes

A cross-sectional study to compare the normal corneal epithelial thickness in various age groups of Indian population using 9 mm wide optical coherence tomography scans

Purpose: To compare the corneal epithelial thickness among various age groups of normal Indians with 9?mm?wide optical coherence tomography scans. Methods: This cross sectional, observational study recruited patients in the age groups of 5–20 years (group 1), 21–35 years (group 2), 36–50 years (group 3), and more than 51 years (group 4). They underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination and were excluded if found to have any ocular surface or intraocular disease (except cataract and refractive error), undergone any ophthalmic surgery, corneal topography changes suggestive of corneal ectasias, or been continuously using any topical medication in either eye for a period of 3 months or more with the last instillation being within 1 month of inclusion in the study. Corneal epithelial thickness (CET) was measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS?OCT). The CET data from 25 sectors in each eye were analyzed for each age group. Results: There were 71 subjects in group 1, 76 subjects in group 2, 59 subjects in group 3, and 57 subjects in group 4. The mean (± standard deviation) ages in the groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 14.04 ± 5.10, 26.63 ± 4.71, 42.66 ± 3.92, and 61.65 ± 7.47 years, respectively. The central corneal thickness in all age groups was comparable. Maximum variance in CET parameters was seen in superior cornea. Conclusion: Central corneal thickness remains fairly stable over various age groups. The maximum variance in CET over age is seen in superior cornea. The findings from the Indian population correlate well with racially and geographically distinct subjects.

The Timed Up-&-Go Test: Preliminary Age- and Sex-related Reference Values for Older Filipino Adults

Objective@#The Timed Up-&-Go Test (TUGT) is a clinically useful measure that has been widely used in practice to assess functional mobility in older people. Interpretation of TUGT scores relies on appropriate reference values. This study aimed to describe preliminary age- and sex-related reference values for the TUGT for Filipinos aged 60–79 years. @*Methods@#This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. We included Filipino adults aged 60–79 years, with no significant disability, and resided in metropolitan areas in the National Capital Region and rural communities in southern Luzon. All participants completed the TUGT. Data were analyzed descriptively and reported as means, standard deviations, and 95% confidence intervals.@* Results@#A total of 156 community-dwelling older adults participated in the study with mean age (SD) of 68 (5) years. The majority were women (103/156, 66%). Mean (SD) TUGT score for all participants was 11.0 (2.4) seconds. Overall, men completed the test faster compared to women, and individuals in the 60–69 years age group had shorter completion times than those in the 70–79 years age group.@*Conclusion@#In the absence of definitive reference values for older Filipino adults, this study provides preliminary guidance for interpreting TUGT performance for the purposes of screening and monitoring functional mobility impairments in this population.

Dados normativos de um conjunto de faces do Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces em uma amostra brasileira / Normative data of a faces set from Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces in a Brazilian sample / Datos normativos de un conjunto de caras de Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces en una muestra brasileña

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi obter dados normativos de um conjunto de faces do Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) em uma amostra brasileira. Para isso foi utilizada uma amostra não probabilística (por conveniência) de 100 participantes da cidade de João Pessoa-PB. Esses tinham idades entre 18 e 62 anos (M=21,6; DP=6,2), a maioria do sexo feminino (76%). Os resultados mostraram que os participantes obtiveram um percentual de acerto médio de 76,2%, de modo que expressões de Alegria (94.7%) e Surpresa (90.3%) foram as emoções mais facilmente identificáveis e Medo (40.65%) a mais difícil. Em relação às medidas de intensidade e valência, Nojo seguida de Surpresa obtiveram classificações mais intensas, e Alegria foi a única emoção com valência positiva alta. Esses achados foram bastante similares com àqueles relatados em pesquisas anteriores, fornecendo normas subjetivas de classificação mais adequadas às características da população brasileira.

The goal of this research was to obtain normative data of set of faces from Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) in a Brazilian sample. It was used a non-probabilistic sample (convenience sample) of 100 participants from the city of João Pessoa-PB. Age ranged from 18 to 62 years (M=21.6, SD=6.2), in which the majority was female (76%). Results showed that participants achieved a mean hit rate of 76.2%, and expressions of joy (94.7%) and surprise (90.3%) were the easiest emotions to identify and fear (40.65%) the most difficult. Regarding the measures of intensity and valence, disgust and surprise obtained more intense classifications, and joy was the only emotion with high positive valence. These findings were quite similar to those reported in previous research, providing subjective norms of classification suitable to the characteristics of the Brazilian population.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue obtener datos normativos de un conjunto de expresiones faciales del Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) en una muestra brasileña. Para ello, se utilizó una muestra no probabilística (por conveniencia) de 100 participantes de la ciudad de João Pessoa-PB. Ellos tenían edades entre 18 y 62 años (M=21,6, DP=6,2), la mayoría del sexo femenino (76%). Los resultados mostraron que los participantes obtuvieron un porcentaje de acierto promedio del 76,2%, de modo que las expresiones de Alegría (94.7%) y Sorpresa (90.3%) fueron las emociones más fáciles de identificar y Miedo (40.65%) la más difícil. Con relación a las medidas de intensidad y valencia, Asco seguida de Sorpresa obtuvieron clasificaciones más intensas, y Alegría fue la única emoción con valencia positiva alta. Estos hallazgos fueron muy similares con aquellos reportados en investigaciones anteriores, proporcionando normas subjetivas de clasificación más adecuadas a las características de la población brasileña.

Computed tomography imaging-based normative orbital measurement in Indian population

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate normal orbital structures with nonenhanced computed tomography (NCCT) and determine normative data for the Indian population. Methods: CT images of the orbits of 100 patients were retrospectively reviewed on a work station to record the normative data of the orbits. Clinical details of all patients were reviewed to ensure that they did not have ocular/orbital diseases. Both axial and coronal images were utilized to record the data. Results: The mean age of the population evaluated was 34.07 years, with male to female ratio of 1.77. The average orbital index for the left orbit was 97 and for the right side was 103. The mean thickness of left inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, and the superior rectus was 3.36 mm, 3.14 mm, 3.80 mm, and 3.75 mm, respectively. The right inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, and the superior rectus measured 3.46 mm, 3.14 mm, 3.83 mm, and 3.78 mm, respectively. The optic nerve sheath complex diameter varied between 3.05 mm and 7.17 mm for the left eye and 3.05 mm and 7.0 mm for the right eye. Conclusion: The study provides normative data on various orbital structures in an Indian population. This data is likely to be useful for diagnosing various orbital pathologies and in planning surgical orbital procedures.

Choroidal thickness in normal Indian eyes using swept-source optical coherence tomography

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide normative database for subfoveal choroidal thickness in Indian eyes using swept-source optical coherence tomography. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study based at a tertiary eye care center in Northern India. Two hundred and thirty eight eyes of 119 healthy subjects were examined in terms of axial length, spherical equivalent, and choroidal thickness. Inclusion criteria included age 19� years, no retinal or choroidal disorder, and patients with clear media and good fixation. Patients with high hypermetropia (>4 D) or myopia (>6 D) or any systemic disease likely to affect choroidal thickness were excluded. Twelve radial line scans were obtained centered on the fovea that were used to calculate choroidal and retinal thickness in 9 early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) zones. Results: The mean age of all the subjects was 28.70 � 11.28 years; mean axial length was 23.63 � 1.96 mm, and mean spherical equivalent was ? 0.92 � 3.08 D. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 299.10 � 131.2 ? and mean foveal thickness was 239.92 � 48.16 ?. A negative correlation was found between subfoveal choroidal thickness and age (r = ?0.0961, P = 0.1392) and axial length (r = ?0.3166, P < 0.001). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between subfoveal choroidal thickness and refractive error (r = 0.2393, P = 0.0002). Conclusion: This study provides normative database for subfoveal choroidal thickness and foveal thickness using swept-source optical coherence tomography. The choroidal thickness measured with swept-source platform is slightly higher than that reported with spectral domain platforms.

Normative Data for the Logical Memory Subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-IV in Middle-Aged and Elderly Korean People

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to identify the demographic variables that are affecting performances on the Logical Memory (LM) subtest included in the Korean version of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)-IV and to provide normative data on the LM subtest for the middle-age and elderly Korean people.METHODS: The participants were 435 non-demented adults aging from 50 to 90 and with the educational level ranging from 0 to 21 years.RESULTS: Age and education were found to be significantly associated with performance on the LM subtest, while gender effect was not statistically significant. Therefore, we stratified the norm blocks by age and education. Age was divided into three groups: 50–59, 60–74, and 75–90 years. Education was stratified into three groups: 0–8 years, 9–12 years, and 13 years or more.CONCLUSION: The normative data provided in the current study are expected to be useful in clinical and research settings to detect or define subtle changes in episodic memory in Korean adults and elderly, and can also be used for cross-cultural comparison of verbal episodic memory performance among elderly populations using different languages.

Oxford Cognitive Screen - Brazilian Portuguese version (OCS-Br): a pilot study / Oxford Cognitive Scale - versão em português do Brasil (OCS-BR): um estudo piloto

ABSTRACT Cognitive impairment is very common in stroke patients and underdiagnosed. Symptoms such as language, praxis, visuospatial, visuoconstructive and memory impairment are prominent. The screening cognitive tests available do not address some specific characteristics of stroke patients and have major limitations in relation to the most impaired cognitive domains. Objective: To test the applicability of a Brazilian version of the Oxford Cognitive Screen in a convenience sample of individuals with normal cognition. Methods: Thirty neurologically healthy participants underwent the OCS-Br in this pilot study. Results: The mean score on each task was: naming: 3.4 (SD=0.72) (maximum value of 4); semantics: 3 (SD=0) (maximum 3); orientation: 4 (SD=0) (maximum 4); visual field: 4 (SD=0) (maximum 4); sentence reading: 14.53 (SD: 1) (maximum 15); number writing: 2.86 (0.6) (maximum 3); calculation: 3.8 (SD=0.48) (maximum 4); and accuracy on the broken hearts test: 47.3 (3.3) (maximum 50). The scores obtained were similar to those of the English original sample. Conclusion: We observed similar values on each separate OCS task in comparison to the original test, confirming that the Brazilian Portuguese version is comparable to other studies.

RESUMO O comprometimento cognitivo é muito comum em pacientes com AVC e pouco diagnosticado. Déficits cognitivos envolvendo as funções de linguagem, praxia, habilidades visuoespaciais, visuoconstrutivas e memória são proeminentes. Os testes de avaliação cognitiva disponíveis não abordam algumas características específicas dos pacientes com AVC e apresentam limitação importante em relação aos domínios cognitivos mais comprometidos. Objetivo: Testar a aplicabilidade de uma versão brasileira do Oxford Cognitive Screen em uma amostra de conveniência com indivíduos sem prejuízo cognitivo. Métodos: Trinta participantes neurologicamente saudáveis foram submetidos ao OCS-Br neste estudo piloto. Resultados: O escore médio em cada tarefa foi: nomeação: 3,4 (DP=0,72) (valor máximo de 4); semântica: 3 (DP=0) (máximo de 3); orientação: 4 (DP=0) (máximo de 4); campo visual: 4 (DP=0) (máximo de 4); leitura de sentenças: 14,53 (DP: 1) (máximo de 15); número escrito: 2,86 (0,6) (máximo de 3); cálculo: 3,8 (DP=0,48) (máximo de 4); precisão no teste de corações partidos: 47,3 (3,3) (máximo de 50). Os escores foram semelhantes aos da amostra original. Conclusão: Observamos valores similares em cada tarefa separada do OCS em comparação ao teste original, o que torna a versão em português brasileiro comparável a outros estudos, e todos os itens foram bem compreendidos com potencial de usabilidade em nosso país.

Global longitudinal strain, ejection fraction, effort tolerance and normal echocardiography measurements in healthy Indians

Introduction Normative comprehensive echocardiographic measurements data for healthy Indians are not available while data for American and European population is available from American Society of echocardiography and European Society of Cardiology/European Association of Cardio-Vascular Imaging and their publications. Available studies of Indian subjects are small and report only limited measurements with focus on left ventricular (LV) volumes. Objective We aim to provide comprehensive normative echocardiographic data for healthy Indians from a large sample size. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional single-center study of 707 healthy Indian adults age and sex segregated which presented detailed and comprehensive echocardiographic measurements including two-dimensional, M-mode, tissue Doppler imaging, speckle tracking echocardiography, chamber volumes, LV ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (GLS), segmental longitudinal strain and effort tolerance. Results Our findings show healthy Indians, as compared to US and European population, to have higher relative wall thickness. LV volumes, LV mass, LVEF and effort tolerance that were within American Society of Echocardiography described ranges for chamber quantification. Higher GLS values were observed in Indian population compared to European and American population. Women had higher LVEF and GLS values as compared to men and both showed a gradual decline with aging. Conclusion We present normal reference values for echocardiographic measurements in healthy Indian population, which could be used for future reference and comparison work.

Normative data for the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery stratified by age and education / Dados normativos para a Bateria Breve de Rastreio Cognitivo: normas segundo idade e escolaridade

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diagnosing neurocognitive disorders is challenging in low-educated individuals. Objective: To report normative data for the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB) and to assess the association of age and education with performance on the BCSB in 240 community-dwelling elderly from Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo city. Methods: The inclusion criteria were scoring above the education-adjusted cut-off points on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and below six points on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Results: Age was associated with performance on the Naming, Incidental Memory, Verbal Fluency, Clock Drawing Test, Delayed Recall and Recognition subtests. Education was associated with performance on Naming, Recognition, Verbal Fluency and the Clock Drawing Test. Conclusion: The normative values reported are relevant for diagnosing neurocognitive disorders in low-educated elderly.

RESUMO Introdução: O diagnóstico de transtornos neurocognitivos é desafiador na presença de baixa escolaridade. Objetivo: Relatar dados normativos para a Bateria Breve de Rastreio Cognitivo (BBRC) e avaliar a associação da idade e da escolaridade com o desempenho na BBRC, em 240 idosos residentes na comunidade em Ermelino Matarazzo, município de São Paulo. Métodos: Os critérios de inclusão foram pontuação acima de pontos de corte ajustados para escolaridade no Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e abaixo de seis pontos na Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG) . Resultados: A idade esteve associada aos subtestes Nomeação, Memória Incidental, Fluência Verbal, Teste do Desenho do Relógio, Memória Tardia e Reconhecimento. A escolaridade associou-se à Nomeação e Reconhecimento, Fluência Verbal e Teste do Desenho do Relógio. Conclusão: As normas reportadas são relevantes para o diagnóstico de transtornos neurocognitivos em idosos com baixa escolaridade.

Mean Hand Grip Strength and Cut-off Value for Sarcopenia in Korean Adults Using KNHANES VI

The purpose of this study was to report age- and gender-specific distribution of the hand grip strength (HGS) using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI-3 (2015) survey and determine cut-off values for low muscle strength of HGS of Koreans. Of a total of 7,380 participants, 4,553 were subjected to measurements of HGS, including 1,997 men and 2,556 women with a mean age of 49.3 years (range, 19–80 years). The mean ages of men and women were 49.0 and 49.5 years, respectively. HGS was measured using a digital hand dynamometer. It was defined as maximal measured grip strength of the dominant hand. The cut-off value for low muscle strength was defined as the lower 20th percentile of HGS of the study population. Maximum grip strength of men was significantly higher than that of women (40.2 kg in men vs. 24.2 kg in women, P < 0.001). The mean HGS was increased from the age of 19 to 39 years. It was peaked in the age of 35 to 39 years range for both men and women. It was then decreased after 39 years. The cut-off values of HGS in male and female elderly healthy populations were 28.6 and 16.4 kg, respectively. These data might be used as reference values when evaluating sarcopenia and assessing hand injuries.

Normative Hearing Threshold Levels in Koreans with Normal Tympanic Membranes and Estimated Prevalence of Hearing Loss

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the normative data on the hearing threshold levels of Koreans with normal tympanic membranes and the prevalence of hearing loss (HL) and nonserviceable hearing using the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) during 2010–2012. METHODS: Data obtained from 16,673 participants ≥12-year-of-age with normal tympanic membranes who completed audiometric testing. We defined HL as the pure tone average (PTA) >25 dB hearing level at 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 Hz and non-serviceable hearing as PTA >40 dB hearing level. RESULTS: The hearing levels at some frequencies (0.5, 3, and 6 kHz) did not differ in between the 10's and 20's, but the hearing thresholds at all frequencies increased gradually from the 30's. The hearing thresholds were higher in men than in women at high frequencies (3, 4, and 6 kHz) in the 30's and older. The prevalence of HL in either ear was 16.5% (estimates of 5.9 million), from 2.4% in the 10's up to 75.4% in the 70's and older. The prevalence of nonserviceable hearing in either ear was 6.8% (estimates of 2.5 million) and that of bilateral nonserviceable hearing was 2.5% (estimates of 0.9 million). CONCLUSION: Hearing loss aggravated from the 30's at all frequencies and men showed poorer hearing levels than women at high frequencies. Hearing loss was a common condition and the prevalence of non-serviceable hearing in either ear, which needs hearing rehabilitation to help social communication, was 6.8%. Normative pure tone thresholds at each frequency can be used as referent values when counseling patients complaining of hearing loss.

Phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks: normative data for elderly Brazilians / Fluência verbal fonêmica e semntica: dados normativos de idosos Brasileiros

This study aims to investigate the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on the performance of older people on two tasks of verbal fluency and provide normative data for a Brazilian population of healthy elderly individuals with different educational levels. The initial sample included 521 individuals aged from 60 years, participating in the Program Family Health Strategy. Participants who had scores suggestive of cognitive decline on the Mini-Mental State Examination, depressive symptoms in Geriatric Depression Scale and self-reported neurological or psychiatric disorders were excluded. The final sample consisted of 218 participants in phonemic verbal fluency task (letters F, A and S) and 265 participants for semantic verbal fluency task (animals). The performance in both tests was associated with age and education, but not with sex. Still, the education variable was shown to have a greater impact on scores in phonemic and semantic tests than age in both forms of evocation. The results of this study suggest the importance of providing normative data for elderly Brazilians appropriate to age and education on verbal fluency tasks. (AU)

Este estudo buscou investigar a influência de características sociodemográficas no desempenho de idosos em duas tarefas de fluência verbal, além de fornecer dados normativos de referência nessas tarefas, conforme níveis de educação, para a população brasileira de idosos saudáveis​​. A amostra inicial incluiu 521 idosos com idade a partir 60 anos, participantes do Programa Estratégia Saúde na Família. Foram excluídos os participantes que tinham pontuações sugestivas de declínio cognitivo no Mini Exame do Estado Mental, de sintomas depressivos na Escala de Depressão Geriátrica e com autorrelato de doenças neurológicas ou de distúrbios psiquiátricos. A amostra final foi composta por 218 participantes que responderam à tarefa de fluência verbal fonêmica (letras F, A e S) e 265 que responderam à tarefa semântica (animais). O desempenho em ambas as tarefas foi associado à idade e aos anos de ensino formal, mas não ao sexo. Ainda, a variável escolaridade mostrou ter um impacto maior no desempenho de fluência verbal do que a idade em ambas as modalidades de evocação. Os resultados desse estudo sugerem a importância de oferecer dados normativos de idosos brasileiros, adequados à idade e à escolaridade, em tarefas de fluência verbal. (AU)

Retinal sensitivity in healthy Indians using microperimeter.

Aims: To establish the retinal sensitivity values in healthy Indians using microperimeter. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 144 healthy volunteers were included. All the participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including contrast sensitivity. Microperimetry was performed in the central 20° of the macula using 76 stimulus points to assess the retinal sensitivity, and the fixation characteristics in the study population were assessed. Results: The mean age of the study sample was 43.08 ± 10.85 years (range: 25‑69). Mean retinal sensitivity was 18.26 ± 0.99 dB. Males had significantly increased retinal sensitivity (18.34 vs. 18.17 dB, P = 0.03). The linear regression analysis revealed a 0.04 dB per year age‑related decline in mean retinal sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity was significantly correlated with the mean retinal sensitivity (r = 0.432, P < 0.001). Fixation stability in the central 2° and 4° were 69% and 89%, respectively. Conclusion: Microperimeter is an ideal tool to assess the retinal sensitivity and the fixation behavior. These normative values could help in drawing a meaningful conclusion in various retinal pathologies.

Brazilian normative data for the Short Form 36 questionnaire, version 2 / Dados normativos brasileiros do questionario Short Form-36 versao 2

METHODS: The study Pesquisa Dimensões Sociais das Desigualdades (PDSD) (Social Dimensions of Inequalities) involves 12,423 randomly selected Brazilian men and women aged 18 years old or more from urban and rural areas of the five Brazilian regions, and the information collected included the SF-36 as a measure of health-related quality of life. This provided a unique opportunity to develop age and gender-adjusted normative data for the Brazilian population. RESULTS: Brazilian men scored substantially higher than women on all eight domains and the two summary component scales of the SF-36. Brazilians scored less than their international counterparts on almost all of SF-36 domains and both summary component scales, except on general health status (US), pain (UK) and vitality (Australia, US and Canada). CONCLUSION: The differences in the SF-36 scores between age groups, genders and countries confirm that these Brazilian norms are necessary for comparative purposes. The data will be useful for assessing the health status of the general population and of patient populations, and the effect of interventions on health-related quality of life. .

MÉTODOS: A Pesquisa Dimensões Sociais das Desigualdades (PDSD) é um inquérito que entrevistou 12.423 homens e mulheres brasileiros com idade de 18 anos e mais, selecionados aleatoriamente em áreas urbanas e rurais das cinco regiões brasileiras, e a informação coletada incluiu o SF-36 como uma medida de qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde. Isto proveu uma oportunidade única para desenvolver dados normativos ajustados por idade e sexo para a população brasileira. RESULTADOS: Os escores dos homens brasileiros foram maiores que os das mulheres nos oito domínios e duas medidas componentes do SF-36. Os brasileiros tiveram pontuação mais baixa que seus respectivos contrapartes internacionais em quase todos os domínios e medidas componentes do SF-36, à exceção do estado geral de saúde (USA), dor (GB) e vitalidade (Austrália, USA e Canadá). CONCLUSÃO: As diferenças nos escores do SF-36 entre grupos etários, sexo e países confirmam que as normas brasileiras são necessárias para propósitos comparativos. Os dados serão úteis para avaliar o status de saúde da população em geral e dos pacientes, e o efeito das intervenções na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde. .